An Internet of Things-Based Monitoring and Temperature Control System for Baby Incubators Using Mamdani Fuzzy Optimized with Ant Colony Optimization and GY-906 Infrared Sensor
Keywords:
Baby incubator, Internet of Things, Fuzzy Mamdani, Ant Colony Optimization, temperature controlAbstract
Preterm infants have an immature thermoregulatory system, making them prone to hypothermia and unstable body temperature. Conventional incubators generally still rely on manual temperature settings or simple ON-OFF control that does not automatically adjust the setpoint to the infant's body weight and ambient temperature. This study designs a prototype Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring and temperature control system for baby incubators using the Mamdani Fuzzy method to automatically determine the temperature setpoint based on the infant's body weight and incubator air temperature. The fuzzy rule base, compiled from a synthesis of World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, was further optimized using the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm to obtain a rule combination with a smaller prediction error. The Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heater and Peltier cooler actuators are controlled non-fuzzily based on a threshold, while chamber humidity is controlled through a hysteresis mechanism. All sensor data and actuator status are sent to the Firebase Realtime Database and displayed on a web dashboard for real-time monitoring by medical staff. The ACO optimization results show a Mean Squared Error (MSE) reduction of 45.97% under weighted-average evaluation and 42.26% under full Mamdani (apple-to-apple) evaluation compared to the initial rule base, with three of nine rules adjusted under extreme ambient temperature conditions. Testing of the GY-906, DHT22, and Load Cell sensors showed average errors of 3.29%, 2.39%, and below 0.05%, respectively. These results demonstrate that ACO-based optimization improves the accuracy of the fuzzy system in determining the incubator temperature setpoint compared to a rule base compiled solely from literature references.
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