Development of a Non-Invasive Glucometer Prototype Based on Infrared Transmittance Method
Keywords:
Non-invasive glucometer, red LED, photodiode, light absorption, Bland-AltmanAbstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease requiring routine blood glucose monitoring, yet conventional invasive methods are painful and infection-prone. This study developed a non-invasive blood glucose measurement prototype based on the light transmittance method using a red LED (620–640 nm) and photodiode. The research employed the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation), with main system components consisting of the red LED, photodiode, ADS1115 ADC module, and Raspberry Pi 3B, with results displayed on a Waveshare LCD and printed via a thermal printer. The absorption value is converted into an estimated blood glucose level using a linear regression equation calibrated against 10 reference points from a GCU Easy Touch 3-in-1 invasive glucometer, yielding an R² of 0.9017 and a calibration accuracy of 93.76%. In-vivo testing on 25 subjects compared the prototype's results against the invasive glucometer as the gold standard. The results showed an average measurement difference of 42.04 mg/dL, an average error of 44.29%, and an average accuracy of 55.71%, with a systematic overestimation bias observed in 23 of 25 subjects (92%). Bland-Altman analysis yielded a mean bias of −40.7764 mg/dL and indicated the presence of proportional bias. Based on ISO 15197:2013, only 5 of 25 measurements (20%) fell within the required tolerance range. These findings indicate that the prototype was successfully developed and is capable of performing non-invasive measurements. However, its accuracy still requires improvement, particularly in wavelength selection and calibration data quantity, before it can be considered an alternative to conventional invasive glucometers.
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